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英語論文寫作常見語法錯誤(上)

作者:PaperPP  發(fā)布時間:2021-06-30 17:32:48

本文不會說標點符號和冠詞用法,冠詞用法較為復雜,暫且不提。下文中提到的語法錯誤,看著可能較為簡單,但請勿掉以輕心,在列的都是在英語論文寫作中常出現(xiàn)的問題。

1. 主語和動詞的一致性(Subjectverb Agreement)

根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)則,每一個主語都必須與前后的相關(guān)動詞保持一致。動詞單數(shù)配主語的單數(shù)形式,動詞復數(shù)配上主語的復數(shù)形式,就是這么簡單。然而,大多數(shù)的同學會對動詞單數(shù)的字尾 s 感到困惑。因為絕大多數(shù)的名詞加上 s 或 es 后會變成復數(shù),所以我們習慣將帶有字尾 s 的字認為是復數(shù)。不過,動詞加 s 的情況是不同的,有別于名詞,動詞現(xiàn)在時的單數(shù)形式才會加上 s 或 es。

單數(shù)形式:runs、sings、has、was;復數(shù)形式:run、sing、have、were,一定要記得,動詞必須與名詞一致,很多同學背單詞的時候覺得很簡單,但一下筆錯誤百出,平時在背單詞時需要多加注意,多動手。下面看個范例:

錯誤:Serology for human herpes viruses I and II were negative.

正確:Serology for human herpes viruses I and II was negative.

錯誤:It is important to investigate what surgical patients wants to know of their treatment and how their individual characteristics and decisional preferences influences this information.

正確:It is important to investigate what the surgical patients want to know about their treatment and how their individual characteristics and decisional preferences influence this information.

2. 比較(Comparison)

比較級是形容詞或副詞的比較形態(tài),例如:“Cancer is more dreadful than cholera.”比較級句子中常見的錯誤是 to、with 等介詞的使用有誤,以及進行比較的賓語有誤。首先我們來了解compared to 和 compared with 間的差異。

? Compared to 用于比較不同級的項目。

例如:In appearance, ripples in ocean water can be compared to frosting spread on a cake.

? Compared with 用于比較同級的項目。

例如:Despite their different capacities, RAM can be compared with ROM in that both involve memory storage.

比較兩個想法或?qū)嶓w時,只要用了形容詞的比較形式,后面一定會跟著 than 一字。舉例來說,smaller than、bigger than、faster than、higher than 等。許多非母語人士會使用“to”,而不是“than”,這樣是不對的?!皌han”這個字的用途是連接比較中兩物件的連詞。其實很簡單,每當看見形容詞以“-er”結(jié)尾時,一定要接著用“than”。下面提出一些參考例句:

錯誤:Modulation of the potential barrier size of the ZnS tubes with and without exposure to C2H5OH was comparatively smaller to that of the ZnO–ZnS core–shell rods.

正確:Modulation of the potential barrier size of the ZnS tubes with and without exposure to C2H5OH was comparatively smaller than that of the ZnO–ZnS core–shell rods.

錯誤:The phagocytic index of haemocytes incubated with the hotwater extract was significantly higher to that of the control group.

正確:The phagocytic index of haemocytes incubated with the hotwater extract was significantly higher than that the control group.

英語論文寫作常見語法錯誤(上)

3. 負向遷移(Negative Transfer)

負向遷移是指使用了雙重否定(double negatives)表達不正確的對比。簡單來說,如 however、but、though、although 等從屬連詞,已表達出與下方概念相對比的語境,因此,一個句子中只要有以上的從屬連詞之一便已足夠。非母語人士一般會誤用 because?so 及 although?but 這樣成對的句型,但因為成對的兩個詞有極為相似的意義,同時使用兩個詞會讓句子變得累贅。正因如此,一個句子中選擇其中一詞來使用即可。舉例來說:

錯誤:Because I am curious about history, so I love reading books on the Renaissance era.

正確:Because I am curious about history, I love reading books on the Renaissance era.

錯誤:Although I understand Cantonese, but I cannot converse fluently with people from Hong Kong.

正確:Although I understand Cantonese, I cannot converse fluently with people from Hong Kong.

? Because 及 although 是從屬連詞。使用這類連詞會讓一個從句附屬另一個從句。So 及 but 是從屬連詞,功用是連接同等的元素,可用來連接單字和單字、短語和短語、從句和從句。

? I am curious about the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, so I listen to Pedro Infante’s music.

? I listen to Bollywood music, but I do not understand Hindi.

4. Using 與 By using 的用法

將 using 加上 by 的用法有時候?qū)儆诘湫偷娜哂嘤梅?,這是因為 by 和 using 的意思是相同的,但是有時候為了使句子的語意清楚,同時使用兩個詞仍有其必要性。慶幸的是,只要記得以下兩條規(guī)則,就有辦法可以處理這個狀況:

1. 遇到名詞時,加上 by 可避免語意不清。例如:“This paper provides several examples that demonstrate how to create applications by using the set of EWF application programming interfaces (APIs).”

2. 遇到動詞時,拿掉 by 可避免冗余。例如:“Simple and reproducible fingerprints of complex genomes can be generated using single arbitrarily chosen primers and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).”

5. 限定從句和非限定從句(Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses)

在英文中,that 和 which 兩詞分別有特定的含義,兩者常常會不正確地混用,我們來了解一下,如何在句子中正確地使用這兩者。句子中的起始部分若是包含特定的短語或從句,傳達了對句子整體很重要的資訊時,該句的剩余部分即可用that 連接。例如:“The government that rose to power last year has been successful in combating terrorist activities.”此句中,我們將重點放在“去年建立的政府(the government rose to power last year)”?,F(xiàn)在,換個情境,如果短語或從句想傳達的資訊是額外附加的或不是這么重要的情況下,會以 which 插入句子中,緊跟在所描述的短語或從句的之前或之后。例如:“The government, which rose to power last year, has been successful in combating terrorist activities.”此句中,主旨是政府成功地對抗了恐怖主義,句子中的其余部分提供給讀者的是關(guān)于政府的額外資訊。因此,如果您想要傳達某些特定的資訊或是強調(diào)主旨的相關(guān)細節(jié)時,使用 that 做連接。還有一點很重要的是,that 之前不能有逗號。當您想要傳達額外的資訊時,就用 which,同時以逗號夾住 which 從句,但這需視 which 在句子中出現(xiàn)的位置而定。

? The cat that used to sit on the fence ran away.

? Yesterday, I saw the dress that I want to wear next weekend.

第一句中,說話者意圖將句中提到的那只常坐在籬笆上的貓與其他貓區(qū)隔開來,特指那只愛坐籬笆上的貓跑掉了。在第二句中,說話者意圖將她想穿的那套洋裝與其他洋裝區(qū)隔開來,講述她昨天看到的正是她想要穿的那套洋裝。

6.冗余(Redundancy)

冗余指的是不需要的重復,有些作者會反覆其詞,重復某些字眼,以此強化自己的寫作。不過,這樣的作法有時候反而對易讀性有害,甚至可能改變語意。例如:“unexpected surprise”這里“surprise(驚喜)”表示“unexpected(無預警的)”,您無法預測驚喜,所以在選詞時要選適合該句子的用詞。下述的例句提供常見的冗余錯誤。

錯誤:Disaster prevention and avoidance systems are crucially important.

正確:Disaster prevention systems are crucial.

? 此句中,crucial 和 important 的意思都一樣,而修正版?zhèn)鬟_的意思正剛好。

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